David Berkowitz, known as ‘The . This provider has 60 years of experience and is affiliated with Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset. New York Daily News Archive // Getty Images. 22, 1979. #Bloodshed Quotes #Sudden Death Quotes “The people and the news media used to call me 'The Son of Sam,' but God has given me a new name, 'The Son of Hope,' because now my life is about hope. The criminal is currently single, his starsign is Gemini and he is now 70 years of age. In this article, you’ll discover some of the most interesting facts about David Berkowitz aka “ The Son of Sam ,” a man who terrorized New York City during the 1970s. 44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer. His crimes plunged. Prior to his capture, Berkowitz left letters at some of the crime scenes, taunting the investigators who had yet to capture him. Despite the largest police manhunt in New York history underway, Sam evaded capture for over a year. Fue condenado a cadena perpetua y en la actualidad sigue cumpliendo condena. Berkowitz grew up in New York City and served in the United States Army. By C. He also wounded seven. At the time of the Son of Sam killings, Terry was working as an in-house editor at IBM, but he had actually previously worked as a young reporter covering Martin Luther King Jr's. David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco), also known as the "Son of Sam" and the ". 10, 1977. On August 10, 1977, 11 days after his last murder, David Berkowitz, known as Son of Sam, was arrested and later sentenced to six consecutive 25-years-to-life. The Degenerates: Directed by Jonathan Doe. Beckowitz was murdered July 14 in his home near Seven Mile and Telegraph by Glover, who said he thought Beckowitz was responsible for burning. What is left are two schools of thought, are serial killers born with predetermined. Nick Schager. Herbert Mullin, a serial killer who killed thirteen people during the 1970s, also blamed voices in his head who supposedly told him that killing people would prevent earthquakes. Previous 10 of 14 Next All Objects Son of Sam Breaks Down in Courtroom. Prior to his capture, Berkowitz left letters at some of the crime scenes, taunting the investigators who had yet to capture him. The building sat empty for a few years while Ackman and his former business partner David Berkowitz wound down Gotham Partners by selling off assets to repay investors. -- David Berkowitz . In the mid '70s, the self-named Son of Sam killer plunged New York City into a state of terror by randomly shooting innocent young couples on the streets. The teens had met earlier in the evening, Valente had driven Lauria home, and the two were chatting. The ". To date, no other arrests have been made in connection with the killings. He and co-founder David Berkowitz opened Gotham's doors with $3 million in investment capital. In that case, Berkowitz blamed the demon that had possessed Sam, his neighbor’s dog. (404) 778-3261. NEW YORK —. Berkowitz Research Group. Berkowitz killed six people and wounded seven,. Born in Brooklyn in 1953, he had been placed for adoption as a toddler and raised in the Bronx. Despite a high-profile investigation and a series of taunting letters sent by the killer, it took months before New York police nabbed the serial killer who went by. 6, 2019 9:27 am ET. Who is 'The Son of Sam' David Berkowitz? David Berkowitz murdered six people in New York between July 29, 1976, and July 31, 1977, shooting them with his . Anthony Lin. On August 10, 1977, David Berkowitz, commonly referred to as "Son of Sam," was arrested and charged with murdering six people and seriously wounding seven others in New York City. Nathan Berkowitz, the adoptive father of Son of Sam suspect David Berkowitz, speaks to newsmen 10/31 in NY after he was named conservator of his. Forgiven For Life video. 44 Caliber Killer (tạm dịch:. ), American serial killer who murdered six people in New York City in 1976–77. Police officers escort American accused (and ultimately convicted) serial killer David Berkowitz (left), known as the Son of Sam, into the 84th precinct station, New York City on Aug. In one, he called himself the “Son of Sam. In his first media interview in over a decade, 70s-era serial killer David Berkowitz, known as the Son of Sam, spoke from prison with CBS correspondent Maurice DuBois in a segment that aired earlier this month. David Richard Berkowitz (tên thật là Richard David Falco, sinh năm 1953) còn được biết đến với cái tên Son of Sam (tạm dịch: Con trai của Sam) và . S. Berkowitz pleaded guilty to the murders and received 360 years in prison with no chance of parole. Ruth Brown Snyder (March 27, 1895 – January 12, 1928) was an American murderess. David Berkowitz was arrested in Yonkers, sitting in a car outside his home. His crimes plunged the city into a panic and unleashed one of the largest manhunts in New York history. In this article, you’ll discover some of the most interesting facts about David Berkowitz aka “ The Son of Sam ,” a man who terrorized New York City during the 1970s. David has learned that whatever you run from will run you. But I am a monster. 11, 1977. k. Liked by David Berkowitz A personal note: I want to acknowledge Tashara C, a #pharmacy technician at CVS Pharmacy at 1919 Market St. David Berkowitz was born on June 1, 1953, and grew up in New York City. Gary Ridgway – Summary Of The Evid. David Berkowitz Psychological Profile. “David Berkowitz wasn’t Nat Berkowitz’s son, and wasn’t born a Jew either,” the story read. Empanadas, the tasty golden treats, are a staple of the diet in Chile and an absolute must-try for any visitor. Serial killer David Berkowitz tries to finish well in a circumstance that drives many to despair. Killer who slashed Son of Sam. The arrest of David Berkowitz on 10 August 1977 brought to an end the largest manhunt yet in the New York City police department’s (NYPD) history and the city’s notorious “summer of fear”. His skeletons have resulted in bouts of sadness, anxiety and sleepless nights. You probably won't recognize Cooper through the prosthetics on his face, but you may. May 21, 2018. . By the time he was arrested in August of 1977, David Berkowitz had killed six people and wounded seven others. He later. The year was characterized by financial strain, a city-wide blackout, looting, burning, murder, and rape. Those words ended the biggest manhunt in New York City history. There was a manhunt, and Berkowitz confessed, and told them why. May 22, 2018. Three State. NEW YORK – The inmate who slashed the throat of David Berkowitz, better known as ‘Son of Sam,’ has been identified by a man who was a corrections officer on staff at the time of the attack. Casting all your care upon the. ; He was played by actor Oliver Cooper. Kieran J. Grew up in the Soundview section of the Bronx with mostly Jewish and Italian families. David Berkowitz, also known as the Son of Sam or the . especially David Beckowitz. David Berkowitz, the Son of Sam killer - who was originally known as the 44 caliber killer due to the type of revolver that was used in the murders - was caught due to a parking ticket in 1977. 10, 2017, 12:03 p. Given that David was not a fan of horror movies and not prone to nightmares, his parents took his claims seriously. He signed it, "Son of Sam. " After a massive manhunt,. Zigo was the New York City detective who cracked the notorious Son of Sam case in. El día de Nochebuena de 1975, David Berkowitz estaba decido a matar. David Berkowitz is an infamous American serial killer responsible for the death of 7 people and injuring seven others. 44 caliber Bulldog revolver, he shot six people until they passed and wounded seven others. These letters were ultimately shared with the public, revealing Berkowitz's twist. Early Life. . David Berkowitz brutally stabbed a woman with a knife in 1975. David Berkowitz police photos. In an interview, Berkowitz implied he was the principal. This murderer was imprisoned at Sing Sing and was executed via the electric chair in 1928. Six people died and seven were wounded, some horribly, as Berkowitz stalked. 1953. His father was married to another woman at the time and refused to let Elizabeth keep. at St. MY TESTIMONY. He became known internationally as the serial killer who murdered because he believed a demon-possessed dog had instructed him to. David Berkowitz, also known as ‘Son of Sam,’ the . He is, at present, 67 years old, and has been incarcerated since his arrest. But Josh Zeman's new Netflix doc exploring the work of investigative journalist Maury Terry shows he didn't act alone. This isn’t surprising, given the media’s attention to cases like the Son of Sam (David Berkowitz) case I profiled in the preceding blog. Nineteen-year-old nursing student Jody. Schwartz, in his Sentinel column, saw more than just exoneration in the report — he saw an. Believing demons were. David Berkowitz, 24-year-old postal clerk who police say is the son of Sam Killer, is under constant observation at the hospital. H. Forty years ago, David Berkowitz, known as Son of Sam, terrorized New York City in a string of attacks that left six people dead and seven others wounded. Renamed David Richard Berkowitz. David Berkowitz began his killing spree in the summer of 1976, and throughout the next year, he killed six, wounded seven and terrorized an entire city. He was adopted by a childless, middle-aged couple from the Bronx. This cult, he believes, was the inspiration for another infamous serial. David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), known also as the Son of Sam and the . 77 at Ward Avenue and 172nd Street in the Bronx. He then proceeded to stab him 83 times. My interactions with David Berkowitz have given me a very different and far more nuanced perspective on the motivations and actions of the serial killer known as Son of Sam than what is offered in mainstream media accounts of his crimes. 5 million people. car for his arraignment on Aug. David Berkowitz and Jack the Ripper were two completely different types of killers, but they did have some similar characteristics that showed in how they captured and murdered their victims. Later that evening Robert’s friend, 37 year-old James Edward Glover, entered the home and shot him point blank in the back of the head. 6. The letter began, “I am deeply hurt by your calling me a wemon [sic] hater. “Well,” he reportedly said when the cops found him. The motive behind the “Son of Sam” murders appears to change every few years. 10, 1977, serial killer David Berkowitz, often referred to as "Son of Sam" or ". See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover David. On Aug. Related: What Sons of Sam Leaves Out About David Berkowitz. In an interview, Berkowitz implied he was the principal. David Berkowitz is serving six consecutive terms of 25 years to life. Video Caso Beckowitz Imagenes Sin. The registration for one car that had gotten a ticket listed the owner as a David Berkowitz along with a Yonkers address. The name “Bulldog” was a homage to the original Webley revolvers of the same nameDavid Richard BERKOWITZ. David Berkowitz, center, is taken into police headquarters by New York Police Department detective Ed Zigo, right. 2 2/28/2023 David Berkowitz’s Final Path David Berkowitz right before he was. On June 1, 1953, Richard David Falco was born to a mixed Italian and Jewish family, but he was adopted by Nathan and Pearl Berkowitz, Jewish hardware store owners, in New York City, days later. He said, “I didn’t want to hurt them; I only wanted to kill them. David Berkowitz also known as the Son of Same was a serial killer who terrorized New York City during the 1970s. He graduated from University Of Texas Medical School At San Antonio in 2002. 44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer convicted of a series of shooting attacks that began in New York City. David Berkowitz first called himself the “Son of Sam” in a letter, if it was Berkowitz who wrote the letter. Across 13 months of 1976 and 1977, fear over the Son of Sam murders perpetrated by then-unknown serial killer David Berkowitz gripped the citizens of New York City. David Berkowitz's Testimony. The so-called "Son of Sam" terrorized the city in the late 1970s, but now there are new questions about whether. (5 minutes) (2 hours) My name is David Berkowitz, and I am a prison inmate who was incarcerated in 1977. Quién es David Berkowitz. David Berkowitz had been arrested on Aug. Who is David Berkowitz? Born on June 1, 1953, in Brooklyn, to Elizabeth “Betty” Broder and Joseph Klineman, David Berkowitz was named Richard David Falco. David Berkowitz, infamously known as the Son of Sam and the . David Berkowitz is an American serial killer who murdered six people in New York City in 1976–77, plunging the city into a panic and unleashing one of the largest manhunts in New York history. | BillionGraves We are testing a new layout for the record page. David Richard Berkowitz was born Richard David Falco. Berkowitz has clinical interests in diagnosing and staging lung cancer and specializes in interventional. For example, Richard Ramirez, David Berkowitz, Aileen Wuornos, and Joel Rifkin who were serial killers, as well as dysfunctional loners and misfits, all demonstrated a lack of social integration. 10, 1977, it seemed to mark the end of an era of terror that had gripped New York City for months. They accept 19 insurance plans. David Berkowitz’s Ford Galaxie Gave Him Away. Son of Sam and . Woman With Shopping Bags 1 episode, 2019 David H. David Berkowitz became known as one of the most infamous serial killers of the 1970s, stalking and targeting primarily young women with dark hair throughout New York City. David Berkowitz, también conocido como “El hijo de Sam“, fue un asesino en serie que aterrorizó a la ciudad de Nueva York en los años 70. As Sons of Sam shows, Maurice Terry was born in 1946 and was a graduate of Iona College. For a year, David Berkowitz terrorized New York. Lincoln NE 68588-0304. He was given up for adoption at birth and raised in Bronx, N. Shortly after 1 a. In an interview, Berkowitz implied he was the principal. I corresponded extensively through letters with David in preparation for this book, and I also visited with. David Berkowitz an internist in 615 Michael St Ne Suite 205 Atlanta, Ga 30322. After Kleinman expressed that he was not interested in. David Richard Berkowitz, nascido como Richard David Falco também conhecido como o Filho de Sam e o Assassino do Calibre . The witness recounted that David calmly spoke, “Hi mister”. Nye County Sheriff Joe McGill is defending the actions of Capt. NEW YORK —. She did not die but was seriously wounded. 1. ’. Richard Berkowitz is a provider established in Tamarac, Florida and his medical specialization is Orthopaedic Surgery with a focus in adult reconstructive orthopaedic surgery with more than 36 years of experience. His adopted mother, Pearl Berkowitz, died when he was a teenager and her passing deeply affected him. At a few days old, he was adopted by Pearl and Nathan Berkowitz, a modest, childless Jewish couple who lived in a one-bedroom Bronx apartment. Berkowitz's crimes gave him huge notoriety, and he became one of the most infamous serial killers in history. Berkowitz was born on June 1, 1953, to Betty Broder, who was having an affair with Joseph Kleinman, a married man. 44 Caliber Killer", is an American serial arsonist and serial killer who was active in New York City for roughly a year, between 1976 and 1977. IMAGE: AP. The 1977 arrest of David Berkowitz – the Son of Sam – sent the media into overdrive. His self-appointed moniker "Son of Sam" comes from Berkowitz's claim. 10am on July 29, 1976, Donna Lauria, an emergency medical technician, 18, and her friend Jody Valenti, a nurse, 19, were sitting in Valenti's double-parked Oldsmobile. He received his medical degree from Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and has been. Forty years after his deadly shooting spree terrorized New York City, David Berkowitz wants to stay behind bars and is a born-again Christian, visitors say. This was the beginning of this killing spree. Berkowitz mató a algunas de sus víctimas pero no a todas, o así lo creyó Terry. David Berkowitz, aka "Son of Sam," was sentenced to life in prison in 1977 for the murders of six people and wounding of seven others. Six women and men were shot. All serial killers think in the same way like David Berkowitz. Donna Lauria was Berkowitz's first victim Credit: murderpedia. David Docobo. Berkowitz is known for being a troubled child, which caused mental disorders and lead to various serial murders, giving him the nickname “ The 44 Caliber Killer” (“The Finer Times”) . True Crime Daily/YouTube. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. David Beckowitz (AKA Son Of Sam) In 1976 and 1977, David Berkowitz terrorized New York City and sparked one of the most popular manhunts in the city’s history. Chris Watts, the Colorado man serving three life sentences for the brutal murder of his wife and two young daughters claims to have had a religious conversion behind bars and is now an evangelical Christian. David Richard Berkowitz also known as the son of Sam and the 44. Mládí. #Bloodshed Quotes #Sudden Death Quotes “The people and the news. His mother, Elizabeth Broder, was first married to Tony Falco but the marriage didn’t last. The Daily Mail reports that James Conway identified William E. The celebrity lawyer who rose to fame representing “Son of Sam” serial killer David Berkowitz resigned from the New York bar due to professional misconduct. David Berkowitz murdered six people in New York between July 29, 1976, and July 31, 1977, shooting them with his . 23. 5. テンプレートを表示. ET. 1978. 44 Caliber shooting suspect David Berkowitz, a24 year old Yonkers, N. While it would take many pages to answer your. Between July 1976 and July 1977, the "Son of Sam" shot 13 people, killing six of them. David Berkowitz in police car. It was a parking ticket that led to his arrest. a. In his book, Dr. David Berkowitz is the name of a serial killer who was born Richard David Falco on June 1, 1953. Photograph courtesy. The case has been called “one of the most bizarre unsolved crimes” and one of history. David Berkowitz, center, is taken into police headquarters by New York Police Department detective Ed Zigo, right. , by Pearl and Nathan. David Berkowitz, as seen in 'The Sons of Sam: A Descent Into Darkness' (Netflix) After being sentenced, Berkowitz claimed that he joined a “satanic cult” in 1975. Watch: Naomi Ekperigin tells the story of David Berkowitz’s adoption, “Son of Sam” crime spree, and come-to-Jesus moment. Interview with David Berkowitz, in Fallsburg, N. Before his arrest on August 10, 1977, serial killer David Berkowitz — the self-styled Son of Sam — held the city of New York in the grip of fear for more than a year. Al Aaronson/NY Daily News/Getty. Son of Sam suspect David Berkowitz, stands before Criminal Court Judge Richard Brown at the Criminal Court building in Brooklyn on Aug. serial killer, and quiet normal in comparison to . Cometía sus crímenes disparando a sus víctimas con un revólver Charter Arms Bulldog, 2 causándoles la muerte a seis de ellas. The Associated Press. " By then, Berkowitz had killed six people, injured seven, and. May 8. Serial Killer Analysis: David Berkowitz Shelby Spradling CJ 375: Forensic Psychology Dr. "Son of Sam" (pled guilty, 1978) Over 13 months between 1976 and 1977, 24-year-old David Berkowitz went on a killing spree in New York City that left six people dead and. Berkowitz grew up in New York City and served in the United. 10, 1977. 6, 2019 9:27 am ET. 44 Caliber Killer," and he later took on the moniker "Son of Sam. 44 Caliber Killer" for. His last victim was shot on July 31, 1977. Top Podcasts In Business. Born in Brooklyn in 1953, he had been placed for adoption as a toddler and raised in the Bronx. edu. David Berkowitz, (born June 1, 1953, Brooklyn, New York, U. The Son of Sam terrorized New York City in. Berkowitz pleaded guilty to six counts of murder. (402) 472-2738. The petite, red-haired Clark, wearing blue jeans, a red jersey and moccasins, sobbed and wept as she stood before Detroit District Judge Wendy Baxter and said she was prepared to stand trial on a charge of mutilating a corpse. THE SON OF SAM. David Berkowitz terrorized New York City by killing six people and wounding seven others in seemingly random shootings from July 1976 to July 1977. 11, 1977 to hear charges accusing him in six random murders. ”-- David. In 1998, he came as close as it is possible to come to a world championship without winning it. The aging Berkowitz first appears on camera passing by a window while walking to the prison chapel, where he. A serial killer, identifying himself as the Son of Sam, was on the loose. After beginning at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta, she moved to Washington D. Berkowitz murdered six people and wounded seven others across numerous. C. At a few days old, he was adopted by Pearl and Nathan Berkowitz, a modest, childless Jewish couple who lived in a one-bedroom Bronx apartment. However, as Joseph was married to someone else, Betty gave their son for adoption within a few days. A still from “The Sons of Sam,” a film that documents an investigation into a notorious series of murders committed by David Berkowitz—and perhaps others. I am the ‘Son of Sam. On August 10, 1977, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz is arrested and charged with being the “Son of Sam,” the serial killer who terrorized New York City for more than a year. He made his 0 million dollar fortune with 6 killed, 7 wounded. In the summer of 1976, the city of New York was thrown into a state of terror. . The most sensational of these reasons is, of course, that he was following the orders of a. The. Francis Church, 606 E. In August 1977, Berkowitz, a then 24-year-old postal worker from Yonkers, NY, was arrested and later found. ”-- David Berkowitz . Berkowitz shot and killed six. In your situation the historian desperately needs sympathy for his subject. Growing up, he was repeatedly in trouble for arson and petty. 44 revolver. I am not. His birth mother put him up for adoption when he was just a few days old. She handled a complex issue…El 14 de julio de 1982, justo antes de la medianoche, Robert Beckowitz, de 33 años de edad, se encontraba junto a su novia, Jeannine Clark, de 21 años, y su amigo James Edward Glover, de 37, viendo "The Benny Hill Show" en la televisión. 63 years ago he made the following comment on my work and I have carried it with me ever since! "For the historian the controlling limit on cynicism must be skepticism. Fire is power, and power and control are part of the appeal for serial killers, who enjoy having their victims at their mercy. — Son of Sam serial killer David Berkowitz has been denied parole by New York authorities for the sixth time. Nye County Capt. テンプレートを表示. He is from Old Tappan, New Jersey. 77 at Ward Avenue and 172nd Street in the Bronx. His string of nighttime shootings in 1976 and 1977, killing six young people and wounding seven others, came to an end after a parking. Adopted by Nathan and Pearl Berkowitz. Lincoln, NE 68588. David Berkowitz went down in history as the notorious Son of Sam serial killer. David Berkowitz, Willa Cather Professor of chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has been named to a senior executive leadership role with the National Science Foundation’s. David Berkowitz told CBS News in an interview broadcast Friday that he “surrendered to those very dark forces” when he killed six people and wounded seven. Individually crafted with these parameters in mind the result is a seamless match between instrument and player. “You’ve. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Aileen Wuornos, Charlie Whitman, Richard Ramirez and more. Berkowitz first claimed he killed by order of a demon. Killer who slashed Son of Sam. デヴィッド・リチャード・バーコウィッツ （David Richard Berkowitz, 1953年 6月1日 - ）は アメリカ合衆国 の 連続殺人者 。. S. He was born in June 1, 1953. Bettmann // Getty Images. David has learned that whatever you run from will run you. From July 1976 to July 1977, a series of shootings in New York City left six people dead and seven wounded. AP. Hänen ristimänimensä oli Richard David Falco — Berkowitz oli hänen adoptiovanhempiensa. In the early morning hours of July 31, 1977, Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante (above), both 20 years old, were parked in Violante's car in Brooklyn on their first date. My criminal case is well known and was called the Son of Sam Shootings. Berkowitz' tidiga förklaring till de mord han. The Son of Sam's final attack had one murder and one survivor. Missed 46 days of Kindergarten. . NOW HIS FRIENDS KNOW HIM AS THE SON OF HOPE. június 1. (structural peer review) (occupancy group a-2; type iib construction) Valuation: $850,000. Berkowitz is a pulmonologist and Emory University faculty member who works with our lung cancer treatment team to deliver high-quality care to Winship patients. August 11, 1977. David Berkowitz was born Richard David Falco on June 1, 1953, in Brooklyn, New York. Arson. He was the couple’s only child. ”. He later. 4. 44 revolver. As Sons of Sam shows, Maurice Terry was born in 1946 and was a graduate of Iona College. Police officers escort American accused (and ultimately convicted) serial killer David Berkowitz (left), known as the Son of Sam, into the 84th precinct station, New. Describing himself as a "monster," David Berkowitz left a note at a crime scene, taunting police to stop him. I appreciate your letters and I value your honesty. Jody Valenti (left) was shot by David "Son of Sam" Berkowitz in 1976. David Berkowitz was also know as the Son of Sam (he swore his neighbor's dog Sam told him to kill on behalf of the devil). This comes naturally to Berkowitz as the artist grew up. David Berkowitz *was a serial killer known as the Son of Sam, or the 44 caliber killer, who terrorized New York City for a full year before he was arrested on August 10th, 1977. The story of the Son of Sam, David Berkowitz, who was found guilty of six murders committed in New York City in the late 1970s, once again returns to prime time in Netflix’s new documentary The. David Berkowitz was born Richard David Falco in Brooklyn, New York, on June 1, 1953. The case of David Berkowitz, aka the Son of Sam, is the most well-known example of a serial killer blaming a demon for their actions. on July 29, 1976, 18-year-old Donna Lauria and 19-year-old Jody Valente sat in Valente’s car, which was double-parked outside Lauria’s home in the Bronx, one of the boroughs of New York City. David Berkowitz, also known as the Son of Sam. D avid Berkowitz, aka the Son of Sam, killed six New Yorkers and wounded seven more—all with his trademark . FILE - In this August 11, 1977 file photo, David Berkowitz, center, the tabloid-loving, police-taunting "Son of Sam" killer, is in the custody of police after his arrest, in New York. Son of Sam told police he was a killing machine ordered by a voice speaking through a neighbor's dog to carry out his bloody. Nathan Berkowitz, the adoptive father of Son of Sam suspect David Berkowitz, speaks to newsmen 10/31 in NY after he was named conservator of his. It was a parking ticket that led to his arrest. May 5, 2021. Troubled-Minded Child. It is our mutual desire to present the truth that no one. The dog had nothing to do with it.